Please download homework materials
hw02.zipfrom our QQ group if you don't have one.
In this homework, you are required to complete the problems described in section 2. The starter code for these problems is provided in hw02.py, which is distributed as part of the homework materials in the code directory.
We have also prepared an optional problem just for fun in section 3. You can find further descriptions there.
Submission: When you are done, submit your code to our OJ website as instructed in lab00. You may submit more than once before the deadline; only the final submission will be scored. See lab00 for more instructions on submitting assignments.
Readings: You might find the following references to the textbook useful:
The
construct_checkmodule incode/construct_check.pyis used in this assignment, which defines the functioncheck. For example, a call such ascheck("foo.py", "func1", ["While", "For", "Recursion"])checks that the function
func1in filefoo.pydoes not contain anywhileorforconstructs, and is not an overtly recursive function (i.e., one in which a function contains a call to itself by name). Note that this restriction does not apply to all problems in this assignment. If this restriction applies, you will see a call tochecksomewhere in the problem's doctests.
In this section, you are required to complete the problems below and submit your code to Contest hw02 in our OJ website as instructed in lab00 to get your answer scored.
Several doctests refer to these functions:
from operator import add, mul, sub
square = lambda x: x * x
identity = lambda x: x
triple = lambda x: 3 * x
increment = lambda x: x + 1
Define a function compose so that compose(h, g)(x) returns h(g(x)). That is, compose(h, g) returns another function a function f, such that f(x) = h(g(x)).
def compose(h, g):
"""Return a function f, such that f(x) = h(g(x)).
>>> compose(square, triple)(5)
225
>>> double_inc = compose(increment, increment)
>>> double_inc(3)
5
>>> double_inc(4)
6
"""
"*** YOUR CODE HERE ***"
Remember to use doctest to test your code:
$ python -m doctest hw01.py
The summation(n, f) function from the higher-order functions lecture adds up f(1) + ... + f(n). Write a similar function called product that returns f(1) * ... * f(n).
def product(n, f):
"""Return the product of the first n terms in a sequence.
n -- a positive integer
f -- a function that takes one argument to produce the term
>>> product(3, identity) # 1 * 2 * 3
6
>>> product(5, identity) # 1 * 2 * 3 * 4 * 5
120
>>> product(3, square) # 1^2 * 2^2 * 3^2
36
>>> product(5, square) # 1^2 * 2^2 * 3^2 * 4^2 * 5^2
14400
>>> product(3, increment) # (1+1) * (2+1) * (3+1)
24
>>> product(3, triple) # 1*3 * 2*3 * 3*3
162
"""
"*** YOUR CODE HERE ***"
Let's take a look at how summation and product are instances of a more general function called accumulate:
def accumulate(combiner, base, n, f):
"""Return the result of combining the first n terms in a sequence and base.
The terms to be combined are f(1), f(2), ..., f(n). combiner is a
two-argument commutative, associative function.
>>> accumulate(add, 0, 5, identity) # 0 + 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5
15
>>> accumulate(add, 11, 5, identity) # 11 + 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5
26
>>> accumulate(add, 11, 0, identity) # 11
11
>>> accumulate(add, 11, 3, square) # 11 + 1^2 + 2^2 + 3^2
25
>>> accumulate(mul, 2, 3, square) # 2 * 1^2 * 2^2 * 3^2
72
>>> accumulate(lambda x, y: x + y + 1, 2, 3, square)
19
>>> accumulate(lambda x, y: 2 * (x + y), 2, 3, square)
58
>>> accumulate(lambda x, y: (x + y) % 17, 19, 20, square)
16
"""
"*** YOUR CODE HERE ***"
accumulate has the following parameters:
f and n: the same parameters as in summation and productcombiner: a two-argument function that specifies how the current term is combined with the previously accumulated terms.base: value at which to start the accumulation.For example, the result of accumulate(add, 11, 3, square) is
11 + square(1) + square(2) + square(3) = 25
Note: You may assume that
combineris associative and commutative. That is,combiner(a, combiner(b, c)) == combiner(combiner(a, b), c)andcombiner(a, b) == combiner(b, a)for alla,b, andc. However, you may not assumecombineris chosen from a fixed function set and hard-code the solution.
After implementing accumulate, show how summation and product can both be defined as simple calls to accumulate:
def summation_using_accumulate(n, f):
"""Returns the sum of f(1) + ... + f(n). The implementation
uses accumulate.
>>> summation_using_accumulate(5, square)
55
>>> summation_using_accumulate(5, triple)
45
>>> from construct_check import check
>>> # ban iteration and recursion
>>> check(HW_SOURCE_FILE, 'summation_using_accumulate',
... ['Recursion', 'For', 'While'])
True
"""
"*** YOUR CODE HERE ***"
def product_using_accumulate(n, f):
"""An implementation of product using accumulate.
>>> product_using_accumulate(4, square)
576
>>> product_using_accumulate(6, triple)
524880
>>> from construct_check import check
>>> # ban iteration and recursion
>>> check(HW_SOURCE_FILE, 'product_using_accumulate',
... ['Recursion', 'For', 'While'])
True
"""
"*** YOUR CODE HERE ***"
Implement the function make_repeater so that make_repeater(h, n)(x) returns h(h(...h(x)...)), where h is applied n times. That is, make_repeater(h, n) returns another function that can then be applied to another argument. For example, make_repeater(square, 3)(42) evaluates to square(square(square(42))).
def make_repeater(h, n):
"""Return the function that computes the nth application of h.
>>> add_three = make_repeater(increment, 3)
>>> add_three(5)
8
>>> make_repeater(triple, 5)(1) # 3 * 3 * 3 * 3 * 3 * 1
243
>>> make_repeater(square, 2)(5) # square(square(5))
625
>>> make_repeater(square, 4)(5) # square(square(square(square(5))))
152587890625
>>> make_repeater(square, 0)(5) # Yes, it makes sense to apply the function zero times!
5
"""
"*** YOUR CODE HERE ***"
For an extra challenge, try defining
make_repeaterin a single one-line return statement using yourcomposefunction (defined in problem 1) and youraccumulatefunction (defined in problem 3).
This section is out of scope for our course, so the problems below is optional. That is, the problems in this section don't count for your final score and don't have any deadline. Do it at any time if you want an extra challenge or some practice with high order function and abstraction!
To check the correctness of your answer, you can submit your code to Contest 'Just for fun' in our OJ website as instructed in lab00.
The logician Alonzo Church invented a system of representing non-negative integers entirely using functions. The purpose was to show that functions are sufficient to describe all of number theory: if we have functions, we do not need to assume that numbers exist, but instead we can invent them.
Your goal in this problem is to rediscover this representation known as Church numerals. Here are the definitions of zero, as well as a function that returns one more than its argument:
def zero(f):
return lambda x: x
def successor(n):
return lambda f: lambda x: f(n(f)(x))
First, define functions one and two such that they have the same behavior as successor(zero) and successor(successor(zero)) respectively, but do not call successor in your implementation.
Next, implement a function church_to_int that converts a church numeral argument to a regular Python integer.
Finally, implement functions add_church, mul_church, and pow_church that perform addition, multiplication, and exponentiation on church numerals.
def one(f):
"""Church numeral 1: same as successor(zero)"""
"*** YOUR CODE HERE ***"
def two(f):
"""Church numeral 2: same as successor(successor(zero))"""
"*** YOUR CODE HERE ***"
three = successor(two)
def church_to_int(n):
"""Convert the Church numeral n to a Python integer.
>>> church_to_int(zero)
0
>>> church_to_int(one)
1
>>> church_to_int(two)
2
>>> church_to_int(three)
3
"""
"*** YOUR CODE HERE ***"
def add_church(m, n):
"""Return the Church numeral for m + n, for Church numerals m and n.
>>> church_to_int(add_church(two, three))
5
"""
"*** YOUR CODE HERE ***"
def mul_church(m, n):
"""Return the Church numeral for m * n, for Church numerals m and n.
>>> four = successor(three)
>>> church_to_int(mul_church(two, three))
6
>>> church_to_int(mul_church(three, four))
12
"""
"*** YOUR CODE HERE ***"
def pow_church(m, n):
"""Return the Church numeral m ** n, for Church numerals m and n.
>>> church_to_int(pow_church(two, three))
8
>>> church_to_int(pow_church(three, two))
9
"""
"*** YOUR CODE HERE ***"
Remember to use doctest to test your code:
$ python -m doctest hw01.py